Laminated beam ( LB.) and laminated veneer lumber ( LVL) manufactured from maple, hornbeam and beech wood is investigated. Three levels of press pressures at 30, 35, 40 kg/cm2, three levels of layer thicknesses of 2, 3, 4 mm and tangential and radial layers are investigated. Bending strength (MOR and MOE) and shear strength were measured according to ASTM 1186 and 905 respectively.The results of this investigation indicated that laminated wood strength of samples produced from hornbeam layers is superior to beech and beech is superior to maple. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the effect of wood species on strength properties is significantly different at 99% level. Press pressure also showed significant effect on strength. Increasing press pressure improved bending properties, but the highest shear strength was observed at 30 kg/cm2. Cutting direction did not influence bending strength and only influenced the shear strength. Even though the initial anticipation was the fact that thinner layer will produce stronger laminated wood. But the results or this study showed that layer thickness did not significantly affect strength properties.

Although a variety of methods have already been developed to convert and adapt a fuzzy automaton to its related language equivalent fuzzy deterministic finite automaton, they can still be applied merely for fuzzy automata which have been characterized over particular underlying sets of truth values. Filling this gap, thus, this study attempts to focus on developing a method for computing a minimal deterministic LB-valued general fuzzy automaton for an LB-valued GFA defined over a locally finite and divisible residuated lattice. This proposed method uses the concept of a reduction graph that helps us achieve a minimal deterministic LB-valued GFA. Accordingly, the present investigation aimed at establishing the notions related to L-valued language identified by LB-valued general fuzzy automata (LBvalued GFA) and also crisp deterministic LB-valued GFA ˜ Fc equivalent to LB-valued GFA ˜ F. It then indicated the properties of ˜ Fc. The method of determinization through factorization of L-valued states and also a method concerning state reduction were proposed and studied in details. In particular, the main focus and contribution of this study was the automaton H( ˜ Fc) which is recognized as a deterministic LB-valued GFA that assures the necessary conditions intended for minimality and that its size is always equal or lesser than a minimal crisp deterministic LB-valued GFA equivalent to that. The related concepts and the results obtained in this study have also been clarified and explicatedthrough representative examples.

The present study aimed at investigating the interior and closure operators which have been characterized by isotone Galois connections between posets/finite upper semilattices associated with an LB-valued general fuzzy automaton (for simplicity LBvalued GFA). In addition, the existence of isotone Galois connections between different pairs of posets/finite upper semlattices associated with a given LB-valued GFA was examined and explicated in detail. The properties of isotone Galois connections were also discussed under some conditions imposed on LB-valued GFA. Further, the decomposition of an LB-valued general fuzzy automaton was defined and a subautomaton of an LB-valued GFA was characterized in terms of its decomposition components. We have also demonstrated that the cardinality of set of all subautomata of an LB-valued general fuzzy automaton is not equal to sum of cardinalities of set of all subautomata of finite decomposition components.

Facultative Heterofermentative Lactobacilli (FHL) are responsible for enhancing unique flavour properties in traditional dairy products such as Lighvan cheese through biochemical mechanisms. In addition to saving domestic genetic resources, industrial production of semi-traditional dairy products is one of the major objectives of non starter microflora identification in indigenous dairy products. In this study performed on the Lighvan cheese at 4 months ripening period Based on morphologicaland biochemical methods were identified Lb. plantarum group (Lb.pentosus, Lb. plantarum, Lb. paraplantarum) and Lb. casei group ( Lb. casei, Lb. paracasei) .Moreove the development of the FHL in Lighvan cheese varied according to ripening time.

One of the novel methods of food preservation for extending the shelf life of food product is biological preservation. In this method, without addition of chemical preservatives and mainly using lactic acid bacteria, the minimum thermal processing is applied for food preservation. In this study, yoghurt samples containing Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. paracasei were prepared. The samples were evaluated for physico-chemical, lactic acid bacteria and viscosity tests, during the first, 10th, and 21th days of shelf life. In addition, the enumeration and viability of Lb. bulgaricus, Lb. paracasei, Lb. rhamnosus and Str. thermophilus in the samples were studied. Not significant pH, total solid and fat changes was showed between samples containing Lb. rhamnosus and Lb. paracasei with blank ones but the viscosity of former samples were significantly increased and the amount of syneresis reduced. The number of Streptucocci bacteria decreased and Lactobacilli population increased during 21 days shelf life of yoghurt samples.

The present study aims at introducing a new concept of layer of LB-valued general fuzzy automata (LB-valued GFA) where B is regarded as a set of propositions about the GFA, in which its underlying structure has been a lattice-ordered monoid. In general, it demonstrates that the layer plays a key role in the algebraic study of LB-valued GFA by characterizing the concepts of subautomata and separated subautomata of an LB-valued GFA in terms of its layers. In other words, it highlights that every LB-valued general fuzzy automaton has at least one strongly connected subautomaton. In specific, the characterization of some algebraic concepts such as subautomaton, retrievability and connectivity of an LB-valued GFA in terms of its layers is provided. In addition, it is shown that the maximal layer of a cyclic LB-valued general fuzzy automaton and minimal layer of a directable LB-valued general fuzzy automaton are unique. Finally, we investigate the different poset structures associated with an LB-valued general fuzzy automaton, demonstrating some of these posets as finite upper semilattice, and introducing the isotone Galois connections between some of the pairs of the posets/finite upper semilattices introduced.